Process Analysis & Environmental Impacts of Textile Manufacturing - List of Tables

Article Name: Process Analysis & Environmental Impacts of Textile Manufacturing

List of Tables

Table 1

Table 1: Summary of the wastes generated during textiles manufacturing
Process	Emission	Wastewater	Solidwastes
Fiber preparation	Little or none	Little or none	Fiber waste and packaging waste
Yarn spinning	Little or none	Little or none	Packaging wastes; sized yarn; fiber waste; cleaning and processing waste
Slashing/sizing	VOCs	BOD; COD; metals; cleaning waste; size	Fiber lint; yarn waste; packaging waste; unused starch-based sizes
Weaving	Little or none	Little or none	Packaging waste; yarn and fabric scraps; off-spec fabric; used oil
Knitting	Little or none	Little or none	Packaging waste; yarn and fabric scraps; off-spec fabric
Tufting	Little or none	Little or none	Packaging waste; yarn, fabric scraps; off-spec fabric
Desizing	VOCs from glycol ethers and scouring	BOD from sizes lubricants; biocides; anti-static compounds	Packaging waste; fiber lint; yarn waste; cleaning and maintenance materials
Scouring	VOCs	Disinfectants/insecticide solvents residues; NaOH; detergents, oils; knitting lubricants; spin finishes; spent solvents	Little or none
Bleaching	Little or none	H2O2, stabilizers; high pH	Little or none. Even if little, the impact could be considerable
Singeing	Small amounts of exhaust gases from the burners exhaustic with components	Little or none	Little or none
Mercising	Little or none	High pH; NaOH	Little or none
Heatsetting	Volatilisation of spin finish agents-synthetic fiber manufacture	Little or none	Little or none
Dyeing	VOCs	Metals; salt; surfactants; organic processing assistants; cationic materials; color; BOD; COD; sulphide; acidity/alkalinity; spent solvents	Little or none
Printing	Solvents, acetic acid-drying and curing oven emissions combustion; gases	Suspended solids; urea; solvents; color; metals; heat; BOD; foam	Little or none
Finishing	VOCs; contaminants in purchased chemicals; formaldehyde vapors; combustion gases	COD; suspended solids; toxic materials; spent solvents	Fabric scraps and trimmings; packaging waste

Table 2

Table 2: Summary of the wastes generated during textiles manufacturing
Process	Source	Pollutants
Energy Production	Emissions from boiler	Particulates, nitrous oxides (Nox) sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Coating, drying and curing	Emissions from high temperature ovens	Volatile organic components (VOCs)
Cotton handling activities	Emissions from preparation, carding, combing and fabrics manufacturing	Particulates
Sizing	Emission from using sizing compound (gums, PVA)	Nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxide, carbon monoxide
Bleaching	Emission from using chlorine compound	Chlorine, chlorine dioxide
Dyeing	Disperse dyeing using carriers Sulphur dyeing	Carriers, H2S
Dyeing	Aniline dyeing	Aniline vapors
Printing	Emission	Hydrocarbons, ammonia
Finishing	Resin finishing, Heat setting of synthetic fabrics	Formaldehyde Carriers-low molecular weight Polymers-lubricating oils
Chemical storage	Emissions from storage tanks for commodity/chemicals	Volatile organic components (VOCs)
Waste Water treatment	Emissions from treatment tanks/vessels	Volatile organic components, toxic emissions

Table 3

Table 3: Average Water Consumption for Various Types of Fabric
Processing subcategory	Water consumption (m3/ton fibre material)
	Minimum	Median	Maximum
Wool	111	285	659
Woven	5	114	508
Knit	20	84	377
Carpet	8.3	47	163
Stock/Yarn	3.3	100	558
Nonwoven	2.5	40	83
Felted fabric finishing	33	213	933

Table 4

Table 4: Sources and Types of Solid Waste in Textile Manufacturing
Source	Type of Solid Waste
*Mechanical Operations of Cotton and Synthetics:*
Yarn preparation Knitting Weaving	Fibers and Yarns Fibers and Yarns Fibers, Yarns & cloth scraps
*Dyeing and Finishing of Woven Fabrics:*
Sizing/ desizing/ mercerizing/ bleaching/ washing/ chemical finishing Mechanical finishing Dyeing and/ or Printing Dyeing and /or printing (applied finish)	Cloth scraps Flock Dye containers Chemicals containers
*Dyeing and Finishing of Knitted Fabrics:*	Clothe scraps, dye/ chemical containers
*Dyeing and Finishing of Carpets:*
Tufting Selvage trim Fluff and shear Dyeing, printing and finishing	Yarns and sweepings Selvage Flock Dye & chemicals containers
*Dyeing and Finishing of Yarn and Stock:*	Yarns, dye & chemical containers
*Wool fabrication*
Wool scouring Wool fabric dyeing and finishing	Dirt, wool, vegetable matter, waxes Flocks, seams, fabric, fiber, dye and chemicals containers
Packaging Workshops Domestic Wastewater treatment	Paper, cartons, plastic sheets, rope Scrap metal, oily rags Paper, sheets, general domestic wastes Fiber, wasted sludge & retained sludge