Many of the flame retardants do not remain on the fabric, instead they slowly leak from the products in the atmosphere. Brominated flame retardants are a subject of scrutiny. Evidence shows that they are likely to persist in the environment, bio accumulate in the food chain and finally in to our bodies. A survey of the newer flame retardants suggests a simple theory for their constitution. The molecule should be water-insoluble to achieve durability in laundering. A solvent-soluble organic molecule will give better results. The ortho-phosphate group should be present in the molecule to dehydrate catalytically the cellulose substrate. The molecule should contain polymerizable groups to effect a permanency of finish. The molecule should contain halogen or other groupings to reduce the flammability of the gases of decomposition.

When chemical free alternative materials or designs are not feasible, non halogenated flame retardants can be used to meet fire safety standards. Numerous alternatives are available. It is also confirmed that flame retardants based on Aluminum Trioxide, Ammonium Polyphosphates and Red phosphorous are less problematic in the environment.

Application on Textiles:

One of the most preferred processes of applying FR on cotton is the "Precondensate"/NH₃ process. This is an application of one of several phosphoniums "precondensates," after which the fabric is cured with ammonia, then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide Precondensate is the designation for a Tetrakis-hydroxymethyl phosphonium salt pre-reacted with urea or another nitrogenous material. The amount of anhydrous sodium acetate is approximately 4% of the amount of precondensate used. Some precondensates are formulated along with the sodium acetate. Softeners are also added along with precondensates.

The pH of the pad bath should be approximately 5.0.The amount of flame retardant required depends primarily on fabric type, application conditions, and test criteria to be met. Screening experiments should be conducted to determine the minimum application level for a fabric. Application of FR to fabric can be accomplished with conventional padding, padding with multiple dips and nips, followed by 30 to 60 seconds dwell gives good results. A critical factor in the successful application of precondensate/NH₃ flame retardant is control of fabric moisture before ammoniation. Generally, moisture levels between 10% and 20% give good results.

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