Introduction:
Natural dyes have been synonymous with traditional Indian textiles like Kalamkari, Madhubani painted textiles from Rajasthan, Patolas, and Kashmiri shawls. Bangladesh, then known as East Bengal, became famous for its Muslin Jamdanis and Nakshi Kanthas that were colored with natural dyes. Natural dyes have been used in wooden toys, mats, baskets, ivory, and decorative paintings along with prolific use in dyeing cotton, wool, silk, and rayon. There is evidence of the use of natural dyes for decorating the body by primitive tribes. Today, henna leaves are used to paint beautiful patterns on the hands and feet. In this article, we review shade variations treated with different leveling agents and mordants.

Selected materials and methodsgiven below:
The alkaline method was suitable for extracting dye from eucalyptus bark. The optimum time for extraction of dye liquor from the bark was found to be 60 minutes. A dye material concentration of 4 percent (2g/g of fabric) was selected. The optimum time for dyeing was 45 minutes for both dyes. Cotton fabric was pre-treated with a 20 percent myrobalan concentration to increase tannin deposition, which in turn increased the depth of the shade obtained. Five percent solutions of leveling agents were selected, such as soda ash, Glauber's salt, common salt, di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Based on absorption values, depth of the shade, and appearance, three concentrations for each mordant were selected. In the case of alum, 5, 10, and 10 percent and 1, 2, and 3 percent concentrations of stannous chloride and ferrous sulfate mordants for cotton were selected for pre-mordanting cotton fabric.

Treatment with leveling agents:
This treatment was given to the fabric while dyeing for 30 minutes. Five eco-friendly leveling agents were selected for treatment. This treatment was given by a 5 percent solution of each of the leveling agents. The solution was then divided into three parts. While dyeing, all three parts were added to the dye solution at 10-minute intervals. After all three parts of the leveling agents were added, the fabric was removed, rinsed in a soap solution, and dried. These leveling agents were selected based on commonality and effectiveness on dyes used for cotton dyeing.

Shade variations in Eucalyptus bark dyed cotton due to simultaneous treatment with leveling agents:

Eucalyptus bark dye on cotton showed different shades by varying the mordants and simultaneous treatment with 5 percent leveling agents. All dyed samples showed differences either in depth or in hue when treated with varying eco-friendly leveling agents.

Soda ash treatment was tried on cotton mordanted with alum, stannous chloride, and ferrous sulfate and dyed in eucalyptus bark. Light to dark shades with added brightness were observed in alum-mordanted samples with a slight pinkish shade. Unique level dyeing was observed in all alum-mordanted samples. But light dull cream shades were produced in stannous chloride-mordanted samples after treatment with soda ash. Ferrous sulfate-mordanted samples produced good leveled grayish creams.

Samples simultaneously treated with glauber's salt had displayed light to dark shade. Dark cream with slight pinkish tinge was observed in alum mordanted samples. Stannous chloride showed slight pinkish tinge. Ferrous sulphate produced bright unique grey shades.


The common salt treated samples improved the shades obtained by mordanting cotton with alum and stannous chloride samples. Alum mordanted samples assumed dark pink shade with creamish tinge than control which darkened with the increase in mordant concentration. Stannous chloride also produced dark cream with slight pinkish tinge. Ferrous sulphate mordanted samples showed light grey with creamish tinge which increased with increase in mordant concentration. Good leveling of colour was observed in all treated samples than control.


Di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate treated samples also produced good unique dark shades. Alum mordanted samples produced dark pinkish shade with creamish tinge when compared to control. Good leveling of colour was observed in all alum mordanted samples than control. Increase in mordant content had resulted in increase of the depth of the shade. Bright creams with pinkish shade were observed in stannous chloride mordanted samples. Light grayish cream to dark grey shade was produced with ferrous sulphate mordant which was deepened with the increase in mordant concentration.


Magnesium chloride, a common leveling agent was tried to improve colour fastness of eucalyptus bark dye on cotton mordanted with alum, stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate. Alum mordanted samples produced cream with dark greenish tinge. But stannous chloride mordanted samples produced cream with slight green tinge, which increased with the increase in mordant concentration. Ferrous sulphate also produced dark grey shades than control.


The above data presents the shade variation in eucalyptus bark dyed cottons treated with eco-friendly leveling agent. It gives and over view of the performance of leveling agents in contributing to the dyeing with natural dyes such as variation depth of the shade, hue, leveled dyeing etc. compared with control.


Conclusion:

While dyeing, all the three parts were added to the dye solution at 10 minutes gap. After all the three parts of the leveling agents were added, the fabric was removed, rinsed in soap solution and dried. Unique level dyeing was observed in all alum mordanted sample sand ferrous sulphate mordanted samples also produced good leveled grayish cream due to soda ash treatment. Samples simultaneously treated with glauber's salt had displayed light to dark shade.


The common salt treated samples improved the shades obtained by mordanting cotton with alum and stannous chloride samples. Di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate treated samples also produced good unique dark shades. Alum mordanted samples produced cream with dark greenish tinge. But stannous chloride mordanted samples produced cream with slight green tinge, which increased with the increase in mordant concentration. Ferrous sulphate also produced dark grey shades than control due to magnesium chloride treatment.

 

References:


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R. Prabhavathi is a lecturer in Department of Home science, J.M.J. college for women, Andhra Pradesh. Dr. A.Sharada devi & Dr. D. Anitha are in Department of Apparel and Textiles, College of Home science, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricutural University, Hyderabad.