Theory of Coagulation:
Extensive studies have shown that understanding the nature
of suspended solids in a water system and then understanding four major factors
that affect removal can lead to more effective solids removal:
- Destabilization of particles
- Microfloc formation
- Agglomeration
- Physical entrapment
To coalesce colloids, interparticle repulsion forces must be
neutralized. Certain cationic chemicals can be used to decrease the negative
charge. This is destabilization. In hydrophilic colloidal system where colloids
are strongly hydrated, it may be necessary to ad a chemical that not only
neutralizes surface charge, but also forms an insoluble complex with the
colloid. After destabilization of the colloid {decreased net electric charge},
collisions between particles can occur. Through chemical bridging { adsorption
} hydrogen bonding and van der waals forces, the colloidal particles form small microflocs, which in turn continue to colloid in a dynamic system and they
form macroflocs or larger agglomerates, some times physically entrapping other
particles. Depending on which of the four factors is more critical to solids
removal, different approaches may be needed.
Typical coagulant addresses the following areas:
- Reduction in treatment cost
- Finished water turbidity
- Sludge volume reductions
- Reduction in colloidal silica
- Increase in length of filter runs and reduction in wash
water requirements
- Enhancement in plant capacity and treatment efficiency
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