There appears to be five general modes by which flocculating agents bring about destabilization of aqueous suspensions, double layer compression, specific ion adsorption, sweep flocculation- enmeshment, polymer charge patch and polymer bridging. More than one mode of action may be involved at the same time in any real flocculating system. Flocculation would be spontaneous if not for factors which impart stability to suspensions. All particles exert mutual attraction forces effective only at short distances. This results in overall attraction and natural coagulation takes place. However, suspensions are rendered stable by repulsion forces, which prevents particles from coming close enough for these attraction forces to take effect.

There are two main sources of these repulsion forces.

1:Water is adsorbed from the surroundings on to the surface of the particles forming solvation layers, which repel one another.

2: Electrical charges : All particles carry an electrical charge on their surface, the sign and intensity of which depend on the nature of the surface and on the chemistry of the aqueous suspending medium In general aqueous suspensions of Ph 4 and above carry a negative charge. Positively charged suspensions occur in particular in strong acid.

Factors affecting flocculation

1: Polymer charge

2: Ionic strength

3: Ph

4: Slurry solids

5: Flocculant dilution

6: Shear

7: Molecular weight

8: Process conditions

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