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Textile manufacturing and Production methods
Weaving is a textile production method which involvesinterlacing a set of vertical threads (called the warp) with a set ofhorizontal threads (called the weft). This is done on a machine known as aloom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand,but the vast majority is mechanised.
Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn,which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a crochet hook, together ina line. The two processes are different in that knitting has several activeloops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with anotherloop, while crocheting never has more than one active loop on the needle.
Braiding or plaiting involves twisting threads together intocloth. Knotting involves tying threads together and is used in making macrame.
Lace is made by interlocking threads together independently,using a backing and any of the methods described above, to create a fine fabricwith open holes in the work. Lace can be made by either hand or machine.
Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made byinterlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer knownas a nap or pile.
Felting involves pressing a mat of fibers together, andworking them together until they become tangled. A liquid, such as soapy water,is usually added to lubricate the fibers, and to open up the microscopic scaleson strands of wool.
Treatments Woven tartan of Clan Campbell, Scotland.Textilesare often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. Coloured designsin textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours(tartan or Uzbek_Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric(embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas ofcloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dye), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeingin between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finishedfabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is theoldest of these dating back to at least 220AD in China.
Textiles are also sometimes bleached. In this process, the original colour of the textile is removed by chemicals or exposure to sunlight,turning the textile pale or white.
Textiles are sometimes finished by starching, which makesthe fabric stiff and less prone to wrinkles, or by waterproofing, which makesthe fabric slick and impervious to water or other liquids. Since the 1990s,finishing agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinklefree.
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