Introduction

Fundamental part of university education is to create connectionof theoretical approaches with experimental or simulation methods forverification. Illustration of practical physical models is cardinal importantfor experimental exercises engineering, for comparing the computer simulationtasks with practical experiments and with realtime measured signals fromtechnological aggregates. The improvement of theoretical findings is done byphysical experimentation during the education process. The laboratory standsallow easy understanding of the various technologies and its control [7-10].

In most devices, technological process is performed bywinding different types of materials. The most typical machines of this groupare coiling machines in textile production, in the paper processing, wiremaking industry and etc. Technological process in these devices usually requiresconstant tension of the winded material (textile, paper, wires, threads and soon) at various velocities [1-5].

The universal stand of the winding band was design in departmentof control technologies at Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania) for the educational and scientific purposes. The stand allows demonstrating andinvestigating the process of the winding band by controlling its tension in twoways. First method is done by measuring the diameter of unwinding roll or bymeasuring the length of the band loop. The second method is implemented by directmeasurement of tension force of the band.

Disadvantage of the first method is that it is able to ensurecorrect control of the tension force only in the stabilized case. Determiningthe tension by the dancer loop length, the length of the loop should be somehowmeasured by the distance meter. In this case, the length of the loop is proportionalto the tension force; however the tension of the spring and mass of the rollsof loop forms oscillating chain with the small damping coefficient. Damping ofthe oscillating motion should be performed by using electronic control devicesby introducing the signals of the change in velocity of the length of loop andits derivative into the control system or by using the mechanical dampers [1].For this reason, additional devices and equipment are required. It is obvious,that the best rewinding system should be the system with the direct measurementof tension force of the band. Therefore, the stand is designed in this way and investigatedin this work.

This work is organized as follows: the structure of the labstand is presented in the second chapter. The development of mathematical modelof the lab stand is presented in the third chapter. The results mathematical modelingand real measurements are presented in the fourth chapter. The conclusions arepresented at the end of the article.

Structure of the lab stand for tight band coiling

The tight band coiling system is a variation of the classicalstructure of the web coiling. The designed lab stand exactly imitatesindustrial coiling process at reduced size. The path of the band movement onthe stand might be observed in the Fig. 1. The braking torque of the unwindingroll 1 is controlled by electromagnetic friction clutch. The unwindingroll 1 (Fig. 1) reel is mounted on the LENZE electro magnetic brakingclutch [11] of type 14.512 with 14.422 control unit 5 used forcontrolling the breaking torque. The braking torque is adjusted by changing thecurrent in the clutch windings trough the controllable rectifier 5 (Fig.1).

The linear velocity of the band is controlled by the frequencyconverter with electrical drive EVS9322ES 3, 4 (Fig. 1). The angularvelocity of the roll 3 (Fig. 1) is stabilized by using the feedbacksignal of linear velocity of the band. The tension force of the band ismeasured by the deformation transducer on the freely moving roll 2 (Fig.1). Deformations are transformed into the electrical signal, which areproportional to the tension force of the band.

Regulator PCTRL2 of tension of the band is implementedinside the frequency converter 4 (Fig. 1). The desired tension force ofthe band is passed to the controller trough the connected computer. Thefeedback signal of the tension force is fed directly to the frequencyconverter. For the parameters observation and control the blocks with controldevices 6) and measurements 7 (Fig. 1) are used. 

Functional diagram of the lab stand

The functional diagram of the lab stand is presented in Fig. 2. The band is coiled from unwind roll UR on the roll WR. The control of the velocity of the tight band is done through the controller (control unit SC) with feedback from transducer ST, reference unit HS through the frequency converter U1, and induction motor M.

The tension force of the band is controlled by changing current is of the friction clutch FC winding. The elongation of the band is proportional to tension force F of the band. It is evident that signal of transducer FT measures the tension force of the band. So, the second closed loop regulates the tension force of the band and consists of the controller GC, transducer FT, reference unit HG, and converter U2.

Development of the block diagram of the laboratory stand

Functional diagram of the laboratory stand is shown in Fig. 2. As it was discussed previously, the tension force of the band depends on the friction clutch FC. The increased torque, developed by friction clutch, increases the tension force of the band. As a result the tight band will elongate. Process of band coiling might be illustrated by the simplified kinematical diagram (Fig. 3).

Investigated process of the tight band coiling is made by assuming that the band is elastic and has no weight [4]. In diagram: L is the length of the band for range B when the band is not tight (Fig. 3); l is elongation of band due to tension force. During the stabilized process, the amount of material coming into the range B equals to the amount of leaving material. That does not happen during transient response, because the tension force F and elongation l are being changed.

Length of the band coming into range B is L2 (winded-off length), and L1 (winded-on length) is the length of band coming out of the range, recalculated to the length of the loose band. The elongation of the band due tension force in the range B equals to:

l=L₁L₂+l₀ (1)

where l₀ the initial elongation of the tight band, at the starting moment t=0 s.

The relative elongation is proportional to the tension force F and it equals to:

δ=l/L. (2)

The speed of the moving loose band v1 is obtained by multiplying speed of the moving tight band by the value a<1. For the band moving between the shafts it is possible to write the following system of the equations [4]:

Here D01 is the initial diameter of coiling bobbin; b is the thickness of the band; F is the tension force; v1 is the linear speed of the coiling; v2 is the linear speed of unwind unit. The first, the fourth and the sixth equations of the system are nonlinear. Therefore the tight band system is nonlinear also. The dynamic of the friction clutch and unwind roll section can be described by set of differential and algebraic equations (4).

Here i_s is the excitation current of friction clutch, Us is supply voltage of the clutch, L_s is inductance of the excitation winding of the clutch, R_s is the active resistance of the excitation winding of the clutch, d2 is the decrease of diameter of unwind roll, b is the thickness of the band, ω2 angular velocity of unwind roll, v2 is the linear velocity of the unwinding band; Dm2 is maximum diameter of unwind roll, R1 and R2 - corresponding radii of wind and unwind rolls, km is transferring coefficient of the clutch, MF is the torque produced by tension force; Ms is the torque developed by the clutch, Mt estimated friction torque of the unwind unit; k_tr is the friction coefficient; F is the tension force of the band, Ma loading torque of the winder, Js is the inertia of the unwinding roll, i reduction coefficient of the gearing, M_sv is the load torque of the motor.

The first equation of this system in (Eq. 5) gives the dependency of the excitation current is of the friction clutch on the supply voltage Us. The second, third and fourth equations gives us angular velocity of unwind roll ω2 decrease of diameter of unwind roll d2, and radius of unwind roll R2. The fifth equation - dependence of the linear speed v2 of unwinding band on the angular velocity of unwind roll ω2 and radius of unwind roll R2. The sixth equation - dependence of the torque MF on the tension force F of the band and radius of unwind roll R2. The seventh equation dependence of the torque developed by clutch Ms on the excitation current is. The ninth equation dependence of the load torque Ma on the tension force of the band F and diameter of winding roll R1.

The dynamics of the rewind roll section have been composed by using structural schemes of coiling process [3] and mathematical description of dynamics of the tight band [4]. In such a way the block diagram of a whole system (Fig. 4) consist of two parts: winding unit (WU) and friction clutch unit (FCU).

According to the third system of equations 5, 6 and 9 equations are nonlinear. Hence, the system of composition of the tension force of the band is not linear. So, the stabilization, analysis of control and the other investigations of such systems are quite complicated. Therefore, often systems are investigated by using only analytical methods i.e. mathematical modeling. The mathematical model of the lab stand is created according to the block diagram (Fig. 4.) with MATLAB/ SIMULINK package [6]. Tight band coiling consist of electrical drive (frequency converter and induction motor), gearing and winding shaft. To stabilize the linear speed of the winding band feedback loop was used according to linear rolling speed.

Investigation of dynamics of the winding process

The research of dynamics of coiling of the tight band has been done by using the mathematical modeling within MATLAB/SIMULINK. The step response of tension force on the band by using friction clutch has been investigated. The curves (Fig. 5) shows good control quality of the tension force to the reference signal of tension force witch appears ten second after the start. The system response to step of linear speed after 15 seconds is good enough but stabilization of the tension force appears with oscillations.

Similar experiments were performed with the real system, firstly giving step of linear speed and later step of tension force. For the measuring and registering the changes of linear speed and tension force the digital oscilloscope with two input channels were engaged. The scales of the signal measurement are: for measuring force 40 [N] per division and for measuring speed 0.2 [m/s] per division. During the first experiment values of the running coiling processes were as follows: tension force F=const=107.6 [N]; step of linear speed v from 0.3 to 0.6 [m/s] (Fig. 6a). The force F was slightly oscillated similarly to results of mathematical modeling (Fig. 5).

In the second round of experiments the values of the running coiling processes were as follows: step of tension force F from 53.8 to 107.6 [N]; keeping the linear speed v=const= 0.3 [m/s]. Good coincidence of experimental results with results obtained by mathematical modeling was observed (Fig. 6b).

Conclusions

1)    The lab stand with real tide band coiling system was designed and compared with mathematical model. The stand is designed in the way to control the rewinding process with direct measurement of tension force. With this stand there exist several possibilities to demonstrate and investigate various conditions of coiling process for educational and scientific purposes.

2)    The mathematical model has been developed to simulate the real stand for tide band coiling. Mathematical modeling allowed to investigate the dynamics of coiling system and to find the relationship between the tightness of the band, and the coiling speed.

3)    The results of the mathematical modeling well coincide with the real experimental results. Therefore this model might be used for determining optimal PID controller parameters of the real tide band coiling system.

Acknowledgment

Authors and Department of Control Technology at Kaunas University of Technology would like to thank Lithuanian JSC Lenze for the donated equipment.

References

1)    Thiffault C., Sicard P. and Bouscayrol A. Desensitization to voltage sags of a rewinder by using an active dancer roll for tension control // IEEE-IEMDC'05, San Antonio (USA). 2005. P. 466 473.

2)    Radons G. and Neugebauer R. (eds.). Nonlinear dynamics of production systems. Weinheim; Cambridge: Wiley- VCH, 2004.

3)    Ramonas Č., et.al. Design of control systems of the technological equipment (in lithuanian). Kaunas: Technologija, 1999. P. 2228.

4)    Kepalas V., et. al. Research of tight band coiling process dynamics // Mechatronic Systems and Materials, Solid State Phenomena, Trans tech publications LTD. 2006. P. 271276.

5)    Ramonas Č., et.al. Dynamic model of the tight band coiling process // Automation and Control Technologies. Proceedings of the international conference. Kaunas: Technologija, 2005. P. 3741.

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10)   Macerauskas V., Masteika R., and Lipnickas A. Modernization of electric drives laboratory at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) and new training potential // Symposium Topical Problems of Education in the Field of Electrical and Power Engineering. Tallinn Technical University, January, 19 - 24, 2004. P. 2225.

11)   Lenze, Products, http://www.lenze.com/ (2007-05-10).

V. Kubilius, Č. Ramonas, A. Lipnickas, R. Rutkauskas. Dynamic of a Rewinder with Feedback by Tension Force // Electronics and Electrical Engineering. Kaunas: Technologija, 2008. No. 1(81) P. 4144.

Processes of rewinding the tight bands of various elastic materials are very often in various technological lines. The highest process control quality is achieved only by employing feedback signal of tension force of the tight band. Therefore in this article there is proposed structure of control system and strategies for control with direct measurement of tension force in a rewinder system. The proposed control strategy allows stabilizing the tension force neglecting the change of diameters of the unwinding and rewinding rolls. The tension force of the tight band is controlled by using the electromagnetic friction clutch while the linear speed of coiling is adjusted by frequency drive. For the proposed system the performance evaluation and adjustment the equations of nonlinear control system with three closed loops are developed and modeled by using MATLAB/SIMULINK program package. The results of the mathematical modeling have shown good coincidence with the real experimental results. Therefore the mathematical model might be used for determining optimal PID control parameters of real tide band coiling system. Ill. 6, bibl. 11 (in English, summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).

About the Authors:

The authors are associated with Kaunas University of Technology, Department of Control Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania.

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